Historians file anti-discrimination brief at Supreme Court citing history of Reconstruction
An illustrious group of American historians have filed an amicus curiae brief at the US Supreme Court in support of an employee who is suing Cracker Barrel under Section 1981 of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Signers of the brief include: David Levering Lewis, Stanley N. Katz, Leon Litwack, James McPherson, and Mary Frances Berry. The case, Hendrick G. Humphries v CBOCS West, Inc. , will be heard by the Supreme Court on February 20, 2008.
Hendrick G. Humphries, an African-American, was an assistant manager at a Cracker Barrel in Bradley, Illinois for three years. For the first two and a half years, his performance was regarded as good, and he received annual merit raises and bonuses. However, with the arrival of a new general manager, Steve Cardin, things changed. Cardin allegedly made racially derogatory remarks and issued five disciplinary reports to the formerly well regarded Humphries. Humphries complained about Cardin to his supervisor, William Christensen. Christensen made no investigations into Humphries's complaint.
In September 2001, Ken Dowd became the general manager. During this time, an African-American waitress was fired for failing to show up for a shift. Humphries complained to Dowd and Christensen that her absence was excused, while a white waitress was not fired for a similar offense. Christensen berated Humphries. Shortly thereafter, Humphries was fired on a complaint that he had left a safe unlocked. Humphries subsequently sued under section 1981 charging that the firing was retaliatory.
The issue the Supreme Court has been asked to address is whether Section 1981 allows Humphries to sue for retaliation. The historians hold that it does, since the original intent of the law was to address retaliation, and this intent was subsequently strengthened by a 1991 amendment to the law, Section 1982. The brief makes three arguments: first that the Civil Rights Act of 1866 must be understood in the context of Reconstruction politics and legislation; second, that Freedmen faced retaliation when they sought to make and enforce contracts; and finally, that the right to enforce a contract includes a right not to face retaliation.
Their brief cites the environment in the South during Reconstruction, and notes that a major part of the legislative process included gathering information on the mistreatment of Freedmen attempting to create and enforce employment contracts. They note that protecting Freedmen from retaliation was important to Congress, saying, “Protection from the kinds of reprisals suffered by freedmen who asserted their contract rights was and is a fundamental tool for ensuring that those contract rights are more than simply abstract principles.”
Petitioners filing amicus curiae briefs in favor of the petitioner CBOCS West, Inc., including the Chamber of Commerce and the United States Government, argue that since there is no specific language in the law referring to retaliation, that it is not applicable in Humphries’s case. The historians' brief counters: “This argument inappropriately applies modern legislative drafting standards to a statute enacted more than 140 years ago.”The brief was filed by Melissa Hart of the University of Colorado Law School.
Sources
CBOCS West, Inc. v Hendrick G. Humphries: Motion for leave to file Amicus Curiae Brief of Historians Mary Frances Berry et al. Supporting Respondent
CBOCS West, Inc. v Hendrick G. Humphries: Brief Amicus Curiae for the Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America in Support of Petitioner
CBOCS West, Inc. v Hendrick G. Humphries: In the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, Opinion.
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