The War Washington Hasn’t Seen Fit to Commemorate (Though It Cost 116,000 Lives)

_{"Liberty Memorial 2008" by User:Charvex - Own work (Photo by author). Licensed under Public Domain via Commons.}

Is World War I America’s forgotten war? Unlike the other three great twentieth-century conflicts – World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War - it is the only one lacking an official national memorial on Washington D.C.’s National Mall. Prompted by the upcoming centenary of the war’s end to be celebrated in 2018, and by the poignant fact that no American veterans of the conflict could be on hand to mark that event (Frank Buckles, the last survivor, died in 2011 at the age of 110), renewed efforts over the past few years have sought to focus public attention on the importance of properly commemorating America’s involvement in World War I.

It has been an uphill struggle. There are three major reasons why that involvement has been apt to be forgotten. First, instead of entering the war unified and resolute, the country itself had been deeply divided over intervention. The hostilities were a continent – and an ocean – away, American interests did not appear to be directly threatened, and President Wilson himself had campaigned for reelection as the man who had kept the country out of the war. These arguments for neutrality were reinforced by fears over domestic ethnic divisions. As a land of immigrants the United States was home to significant numbers of people with cultural, economic, and sentimental ties to the Central Powers whose loyalty might be suspect.

Second, because America entered the war ‘late’ (in April 1917, more than two-and-a-half years after it began) and its soldiers only fought for some six months on European soil before the November 1918 armistice, it might be thought a very junior partner in the war effort. Should a lesser role really be commemorated?

Finally, the First World War was overshadowed by a second, even more destructive conflict. The sacrifices of 1914-1918 had decimated a generation but they had not made the world safe for democracy and had not curbed German aggression. Had they achieved anything permanent that was worth noting?

Indeed they had. American involvement may have been short in duration, but it was nonetheless of broader significance. The Allies relied upon the financial support of the United States to conduct the war without undergoing even greater economic dislocation, and they got a much needed psychological boost from the eager Doughboys who streamed across the Atlantic to tip the scales in the Allies’ favor. Without those fresh divisions the Allies might not have withstood the troops Germany was able to transfer westward after the collapse of Imperial Russia. An ardent German patriot, Felix Kaufmann, admitted in a diary that even if he and his fellow prisoners clung to the hope of ultimate victory, “the passing of the trains with American soldiers several times a day . . . gave us a lot of anxiety.”

Moreover, those soldiers fought, and fought hard. Some 4.7 million Americans served in uniform and 116,000 died, twice the number killed in Vietnam and three times that in Korea. That overseas service, as well as the nation’s continuing financial involvement in postwar reconstruction and reparations militated against isolationism and underlay the international engagement that Henry Luce in 1941 would label “the American Century.”

Immediately after hostilities ended, it is true that the war was anything but forgotten. Armistice Day (now Veterans’ Day) marked that end, the American Legion enrolled veterans, and the American Battle Monuments Commission oversaw military cemeteries in Europe where soldiers had fallen. Nonetheless, remembrance was often focused on an intimate, local level; many families sought the return of their war dead for reburial in their communities and ubiquitous Doughboy statues (mass-produced copies of an original sculpted by E.M. Viquesney) dotted urban public spaces. Local subscribers in Kansas City, for example, raised the funds to dedicate a Liberty Tower in 1921 (completed five years later), but their success also underscored the fact that the country still lacked a central, national site for commemoration. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington National Cemetery provided something of an alternative, but without conveying what the war had been about. Eventually commemorative ceremonies moved on to more recent wars, while the old memorials fell victim to neglect and disrepair. Kansas City’s Liberty Tower closed in 1994 as the nation celebrated its ‘greatest [WWII] generation’ and the fiftieth anniversary of the D-Day landings in Normandy.

A decade later, in an effort to ensure that the wartime service of that generation would not be forgotten, a National World War II Memorial was dedicated on Washington D.C.’s National Mall. The stark contrast with World War I could hardly be more obvious, and the successful mobilization of public opinion and political will in favor of a national memorial to the Second World War was an important spur to renewed efforts to secure similar recognition for the First.

Finding an appropriate concrete expression of the country’s World War I experience was not, however, a matter of recovering memories long-forgotten but readily accepted and easily recalled with sufficient effort. It could not be compared to excavating an intact stratum of history simply submerged by a century of indifference. Instead, attempts to locate a national memorial were inextricably intertwined with political wrangling and contemporary concerns.

After the Liberty Tower was renovated in 1998 and augmented with a museum, Missouri’s congressional delegation pushed for it to be designated as the national memorial, not any proposed site in Washington, D.C. Proponents of a memorial in the nation’s capital, preferably with a visible presence on the National Mall, hoped either to expand an existing District of Columbia War Memorial, which offered a suitable location, or demolish it in favor of a redesigned edifice. These plans ran afoul of the controversy over D.C. statehood and were denounced by prominent local leaders (including delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton) as improper meddling in the District’s affairs. The fact that the names of some 23,000 District residents who had served were recorded in the memorial and could be treated so cavalierly only deepened the controversy.

A third possibility was to redevelop Pershing Park, a site dedicated to General John Pershing, who had commanded the American Expeditionary Force. Critics complained that it was not on the National Mall, but supporters countered that given the National Park Service’s opposition to new construction on an already congested Mall and Pershing Park’s proximity (on Pennsylvania Avenue) to major museums and the White House, it was a reasonable alternative. Although designed by eminent architect Paul Friedberg in the 1970s, the 1.8-acre Pershing Park was widely considered somewhat isolated and run down and generally lacking the scale and gravity appropriate in a memorial to military service and sacrifice. It was in fact this site that Congress authorized in 2012-2014 compromise legislation, with a World War I Centennial Commission being designated to oversee a competition for proposals to redesign Pershing Park as a national commemorative space.

Further constraints were imposed upon the use of that space. Imposing statues of great men, primarily individual commanders depicted on horseback, dotted the city’s squares and parks, but commemorative tastes had changed to favor celebrating the service of the broader mass of ordinary individuals. Shifting the focus of the park from Pershing himself to that of the U.S. armed forces reflected this trend. As the Centennial Commission stipulated, the goal was to “transform Pershing Park from a park that happens to contain a memorial to a site that is primarily a national World War I Memorial within a revitalized urban park setting.”

Unlike the District of Columbia or Vietnam Memorials, the proposed memorial would not list individual names, nor would it provide commentary akin to a museum. In lieu of directly assessing the significance of American participation, it was intended to honor the valor of the participants and commemorate the magnitude of the losses they suffered. Yet the memorial to a century-old event could be enlisted in support of a very contemporary concern, as the House bill H.R. 6364 authorizing the memorial made plain. With wars in Iraq and Afghanistan in the public mind, the World War I Memorial would commemorate the “first time in United States history that American soldiers went abroad in defense of liberty against foreign aggression.”

Finally, in May 2015, the Centennial Commission solicited submissions for its design competition. Three months later it announced five finalists from among 350 applicants, with the winning design to be chosen from the five by January 2016. The designs differ widely: one features an imposing victory tower harkening back to the monumental architecture of a century ago, while another embeds photographs in the ground about six bronze statues. Only one, Joseph Weishaar’s “The Weight of Sacrifice,” evokes a sense of moving below ground level as in the trenches of the western front. The selection jury intentionally chose a range of styles, but the lack of consensus over how to commemorate the war is readily apparent. A century later, the First World War is no longer forgotten, but it remains not entirely clear how it is to be remembered.