Not Allowed to Teach the Nation's Founding? Not Again!
In both of the recent cases, the teacher and his supervisors were in the midst of an older, more complex disagreement. Their disputes wouldn't have provided much red meat for newspapers, radio hosts, political websites, and the like. But by describing teachers muzzled from talking about the Revolution, advocates turned an individual problem into a national issue. All Americans share an interest in the USA's founding, after all.
In 2004, the Alliance Defense Fund filed suit against the Cupertino, California, school district on behalf of teacher Stephen Williams. By filing papers and issuing a press release on 22 November, the Monday before the Thanksgiving holiday, the ADF ensured that the story would appear in the local newspaper the next day and go out on news wires just before the holiday, giving school officials little time to muster a response.
The ADF headlined its press release "Declaration of Independence banned from classroom," and initial news coverage echoed that spin on the case, as in this Reuters report preserved at MSNBC:
School bans history materials referring to God
Calif. teacher prohibited from giving Declaration of Independence
A California teacher has been barred by his school from giving students documents from American history that refer to God - including the Declaration of Independence.
Steven Williams, a fifth-grade teacher at Stevens Creek School in the San Francisco Bay Area suburb of Cupertino, sued for discrimination on Monday, claiming he had been singled out for censorship by principal Patricia Vidmar because he is a Christian.
(As a historiographical note, this dispatch's misspelling of the teacher's first name as "Steven" makes it easy to determine which people writing about the case had seen only the early article and which had done their own reporting.)
The New Yorker ran an article about this case in May 2005, and on its website journalist Peter Boyer reporter described how the story had developed:
The first, great burst of attention came from. . . Web sites, such as the conservative Free Republic. . . . Sean Hannity had Williams on his radio show "Hannity Colmes" at least twice, and he moved his Fox News television show to Cupertino for a special hour-long live broadcast that he called "Take Back America".
However, as reporters outside Fox News easily discovered, the ADF's complaint was greatly exaggerated. The school was still teaching the Declaration of Independence. The school taught about various religions. But for at least two years Williams's students and their parents had complained about how he inserted references to Jesus and Christianity into his lessons. Parents of children at the school created a website to oppose Williams's lawsuit.
The documents the ADF lawsuit claimed that Williams had been barred from using in his classroom turned out to be selective or simply bogus, such as a "George Washington prayer journal" that was revealed as a fake decades ago. Even a Wall Street Journal op ed essay concluded, "For those who worry about the way faith is treated in our public institutions, Mr. Williams may not be the best candidate for a hero."
Eventually, Williams chose to resign, drop his suit, and say nothing more. A San Jose Mercury News editorial called this "a total victory by the district over conservative lawyers who drummed up a bogus claim of religious persecution."
A year later, Fox News was in Carson City, Nevada, to cover the case of Joe Enge, a teacher at Carson High School. Postings to Free Republic.com and blogs from Enge's supporters document that Fox News had contacted the school in the week before Thanksgiving to film him in front of a class. The school refused permission, so the network taped its interview with him somewhere else on 22 November. In 2005, Thanksgiving was on the 24th.
How had Fox News learned of Enge's story? This teacher's political champion was Chuck Muth, a former head of the American Conservative Union and manager of such political websites as COPAC Nevada, CitizenOutreach, and CampaignDoctor. Muth had posted his first article about friction between Enge and his supervisor on the NVconservatives.com website on 22 April. That article said nothing about a dispute over teaching Revolutionary history; it described a disagreement between Enge and his supervisor over educational methods and classroom management.
In early November, however, Muth was airing a new complaint on a new website devoted to the case, The Enge Files. Muth left off his April article about teaching methods and instead wrote that Enge had been barred from teaching about the nation's founding:
You see, Joe has this crazy idea that American history should include our colonial period, as well as the Revolutionary War period. You know, where the Founding Fathers fought for independence from England and wrote the greatest governing document the world has ever known - the United States Constitution. You know, that period of time which gave us patriot heroes such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Tom Paine, Benjamin Franklin, Patrick Henry, Sam Adams, John Hancock, Paul Revere, John Paul Jones, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Hancock.
(That's two John Hancocks, by the way.)
At the same time, Muth's dispatches from the Enge Files popped up on conservative websites across the country, such as the Common Voice, normally devoted to South Carolina, and eventually on FreeRepublic.com. That got the buzz going for other online opinion writers. The nearby Reno Gazette-Journal ran a story on 23 November - the day before Thanksgiving. It started:
A veteran history teacher at Carson High School said he's being targeted for dismissal because administrators have questioned his determination to thoroughly cover America's colonial period and the Revolutionary War and his teaching methods.
Fox News used its footage the following week, after Thanksgiving. As in the Cupertino case, the school became the focus of angry phone calls and nationwide political criticism.
But Muth's spin on the case didn't take, at least in part because Enge maintained his own focus on pedagogy. On 21 November, he posted an op ed on the History News Network focusing entirely on the question of teaching facts. The next day, the Washington Post's education columnist commented on the case in a skeptical article titled "Fired for Teaching Too Much?"
Technically, Enge had indeed been told not to teach the Revolutionary War in detail. He would also have been told not to teach the English Civil War, the Punic Wars, algebra, and driver's ed since his assignment was to teach a course in U.S. history since Reconstruction. Enge apparently felt that his colleagues had done a poor job of preparing his students, so he wanted to reteach the Revolutionary period using a different pedagogical method.
Enge has a more impressive teaching record than Williams. Students and parents have apparently not complained about his classes. None of his teaching materials is obviously problematic; indeed, he's written a couple of curriculum guides for the Teaching Point organization. But the dispute between him and his school administrators seemed to be as much about interpersonal relations as about educational methods.
In the end, Enge and the Carson City school district came to a confidential settlement, and, like Stephen Williams, he left the classroom. Muth claimed victory even though his campaign had not achieved its stated goals: saving Enge's job and changing local teaching methods. Enge now describes himself as "Owner, translation agency; writer and researcher." He's chairman of a website called Edwatch Nevada, a "project of Citizen Outreach" - run by Muth. And earlier this month Enge won a seat on the Carson City school board.
Is a similar dispute between teacher and school flashing across the Internet in inflammatory form right now? Will this tactic resurface in future years? If so, reporters can do their jobs by calling schools before filing their stories. They should ask the principal or the social studies department if it's true that the curriculum no longer includes the Revolutionary War, the Declaration of Independence, or whatever other iconic element of the nation's founding is at issue. Despite the vociferous complaints, we have yet to see such a case, and we probably never will.