Blogs > Liberty and Power > Questions on Mises XI: A Stumbling Block

Jan 11, 2007

Questions on Mises XI: A Stumbling Block




I've hit a serious snag in my understanding of Mises. I'm not just being Socratic.

In chapter 15, Mises writes,


Credit transactions fall into two groups, the separation of which must form the starting point for every theory of credit and especially for every investigation into the connection between money and credit and into the influence of credit on the money prices of goods. On the one hand are those credit transactions which are characterized by the fact that they impose a sacrifice on that party who performs his part of the bargain before the other does—the forgoing of immediate power of disposal over the exchanged good, or, if this version is preferred, the forgoing of power of disposal over the surrendered good until the receipt of that for which it is exchanged. This sacrifice is balanced by a corresponding gain on the part of the other party to the contract—the advantage of obtaining earlier disposal over the good acquired in exchange, or, what is the same thing, of not having to fulfill his part of the bargain immediately. In their respective valuations both parties take account of the advantages and disadvantages that arise from the difference between the times at which they have to fulfill the bargain. The exchange ratio embodied in the contract contains an expression of the value of time in the opinions of the individuals concerned.

The second group of credit transactions is characterized by the fact that in them the gain of the party who receives before he pays is balanced by no sacrifice on the part of the other party. Thus the difference in time between fulfillment and counterfulfillment, which is just as much the essence of this kind of transaction as of the other, has an influence merely on the valuations of the one party, while the other is able to treat it as insignificant. This fact at first seems puzzling, even inexplicable; it constitutes a rock on which many economic theories have come to grief. Nevertheless, the explanation is not very difficult if we take into account the peculiarity of the goods involved in the transaction. In the first kind of credit transactions, what is surrendered consists of money or goods, disposal over which is a source of satisfaction and renunciation of which a source of dissatisfaction. In the credit transactions of the second group, the granter of the credit renounces for the time being the ownership of a sum of money, but this renunciation (given certain assumptions that in this case are justifiable) results for him in no reduction of satisfaction. If a creditor is able to confer a loan by issuing claims which are payable on demand, then the granting of the credit is bound up with no economic sacrifice for him. He could confer credit in this form free of charge, if we disregard the technical costs that may be involved in the issue of notes and the like. Whether he is paid immediately in money or only receives claims at first, which do not fall due until later, remains a matter of indifference to him.

I understand the first type of credit well enough; it is exactly the credit that a merchant gives you by issuing a store credit card, and cross-merchant credit cards are only a slight variation on the theme. But the second type of credit baffles me in one very important aspect: How is it that issuing a claim payable on demand involves no reduction in satisfaction? How can it be that, if I give you a claim upon my money, payable at will, that I have not moved to a lower level of satisfaction?

There follow two paragraphs of econography -- writing about the study of economics, rather than about economics itself -- that are unhelpful but that at least do no harm. Then comes the following:

The peculiar attitude of individuals toward transactions involving circulation credit is explained by the circumstance that the claims in which it is expressed can be used in every connection instead of money. He who requires money, in order to lend it, or to buy something, or to liquidate debts, or to pay taxes, is not first obliged to convert the claims to money (notes or bank balances) into money; he can also use the claims themselves directly as means of payment. For everybody they therefore are really money substitutes; they perform the monetary function in the same way as money; they are"ready money" to him, that is, present, not future, money.

So the issuing side loses nothing? Unthinkable.

Unthinkable, so I must be misreading. What's going on here?


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Robert V Manning - 1/11/2007

The second type sounds a lot like a checking account to me - I deposit my money in exchange for a claim. Since I don't earn interest, either way, and liquidity is basically the same, I sacrifice no value. The bank, however, gets use of my money (which they can loan for interest) and thus, value. If I assume risk free banking for the customer, that more-or-less fits the description he makes.

The 'claim' issue is that the 'merchant' is indifferent between cash and checks for payment, not the customer. The customer gets his side -the good - early, while the merchant gets his money on demand. He doesn't care which, so long as the check is reliable. Same with payment by credit card, though it is a slightly different dynamic. The merchant gets a claim instead of cash, I get the goods before I pony up the cash.

The last paragraph sounds like an extremely long-winded way of describing the process of writing a check.