Blogs > Cliopatria > Badly Disposed at Washington State

Oct 16, 2005

Badly Disposed at Washington State




The “dispositions” movement is again rearing its ugly head, this time in Washington State University’s Education Department. This vague concept is a favorite of the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE), which in 2002 changed its accreditation requirements to mandate that dozens of education programs around the nation needed to measure each student’s disposition to promote “social justice.”

Events at Washington State—which have attracted the attention of FIRE—have a depressing similarity to what we saw last spring in Brooklyn’s School of Education. At WSU, the controversy has raged around a self-described hunter and conservative Christian, an A-level student named Ed Swan. In an account that WSU hasn’t disputed, Swan made a terrible mistake in two of his Ed classes—according to one of his professors, he said that he does not believe that “white privilege and male privilege does not exist” in contemporary society to such an extent to justify affirmative action. Some of Swan’s opinions, continued the professor, expressed “primarily though written papers”—papers that received grades of A—contradicted the Education Department’s “cultural norms,” chiefly its commitment “to equity, diversity and social justice.”

As a result, Swan received a substandard dispositions evaluation. Another Education professor, Mira Reisberg—an ABD who states on her webpage that “after 21 years in San Francisco (primarily in the Mission district) I was called [she doesn’t say by whom] to come to Washington State University"—went even further. She labeled Swan a “White Supremacist,” hoped that the department could “find a way to prevent Ed from becoming a teacher” because of “emotional problems that are manifested in his racist beliefs,” and urged her superiors to accomplish this task without giving Swan a chance to defend himself. On the same form, ironically, she admitted, “Ed [Swan] never made any personally threatening comments to me and was an excellent student apart from his comments and choices.”

The original FIRE letter, written by program officer Robert Shibley, is worth reading in its entirety—WSU went beyond simply attacking Swan from the dispositions angle but pressured him into signing a contract to attend what amounted to a diversity” re-education seminar; and also summoned him to meetings with administrators who browbeat him for his political beliefs. Again, this was all done to a student received grades of A from even his faculty critics.

The reaction to the WSU story has been remarkable. A reporter asked WSU’s Dean of Education, Judy Mitchell, if, given his views on affirmative action, Antonin Scalia would receive a satisfactory “dispositions” evaluation. Mitchell’s response? “I don’t know how to answer that.” In the 1998 elections, 58% of the voters in Washington state passed Initiative 200, which eliminated race- or gender-based preferences in education. By Mitchell’s standards, nearly three-fifths of the state would be disqualified from becoming a teacher simply because they voted in a manner of which the WSU Education faculty disapproved.

A few political science professors on campus publicly questioned the abuse of the “dispositions” criteria; and one of the local papers recently published an editorial terming Washington State’s treatment of Swan “absurd and downright offensive to those of us who believe in a hearty exchange of ideas,” and affirming that “there shouldn’t be a litmus test for political and social opinions attached to an education degree.”

The WSU and Brooklyn cases are simply the tip of the iceberg with regard to “dispositions” theory. There simply is no way that a politically imbalanced faculty, as most Education departments are, can implement NCATE’s requirement to individually assess each proespective public school teacher's “disposition to promote social justice” without the standard becoming an ideological litmus test.



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Sherman Jay Dorn - 10/18/2005

You wrote, "But a college can argue that NCATE requires judging of teacher candidates' dispositions to promote social justice."

If so, they should be laughed at. Very hard. The most they can say is that if they place the words in the conceptual framework, NCATE will expect it to be assessed. But they don't have to include it.


Robert KC Johnson - 10/17/2005

Don't count on it. I'm a registered Dem who supports gay marriage and abortion rights, yet the Ed Department at Brooklyn, in a public letter sent to the Chancellor and BOT, labeled my political views "extreme."


Adam Kotsko - 10/17/2005

Fortunately, I'm already a Democratic party hack, so this won't affect me if I decide to enroll in an Education program.


Robert KC Johnson - 10/17/2005

We've now seen almost identical cases at two Ed programs (Brooklyn and WSU). The NCATE requirement only dates from late 2002--WSU, by its own admission, only started using this version of the dispositions requirement in 2003, Brooklyn did so in 2004. Other Ed Departments (at least, as Sherman correctly points out, those that have social justice as a goal) won't have to institute the changes until they're up for re-accreditation from NCATE.

So what we're seeing is a wholly new phemonenon. It would be nice to think that NCATE would respond to this by altering its guidelines, but they've stoutly defended them so far.


Robert KC Johnson - 10/17/2005

I agree with you completely that no college can argue that NCATE requires judging of teacher candidates' political inclinations. But a college can argue that NCATE requires judging of teacher candidates' dispositions to promote social justice.

If most Ed departments were ideologically somewhat balanced, those two requirements would be distinct. But as we've seen at BC and WSU, that's simply not the case.


Adam Kotsko - 10/17/2005

From the way you have presented this story, it does indeed sound like a significant injustice was done to this man.

Do you have any evidence that this is a widespread phenomenon, rather than an isolated incident based on a particularly bone-headed faculty decision?


Sherman Jay Dorn - 10/17/2005

I tend towards the bureaucratese-run-amok explanation, myself. Incidentally, the other folks who tend to see NCATE as actively malevolent tend to be left of me, viewing it as a corporate addendum. I'm convinced that NCATE may act stupidly, but its bureaucratic stupidity is predictable and provides reasonable workarounds. My colleagues adopted a set of dispositions that doesn't contain "social justice," and its definition of dispositions is imperfect but--I think--rules out ideological litmus tests: "'Dispositions' are defined here as the habits of mind and commitments that lead to intentional, conscious, and voluntary patterns of behavior toward students, families, colleagues and communities." I think that this requires any judging of dispositions to be based on behavior that's tied clearly to professional roles.

You wrote, "But does anyone really believe that the Duke Ed faculty will interpret a sensitivity to race/class/gender much more closely to how the WSU Ed faculty has worked than how politicians have done so?"

You're making some assumptions there, judging Duke's faculty guilty without any evidence. It's one thing to make an argument that "social justice" is dangerously ambiguous language in a set of institutional requirements of candidates, as you have. But it makes no sense to be ... hmmn... almost if not quite paranoid about language that's now pedestrian in academe. On that basis, we should be wary of ANY language on any campus, such as a hypothetical "Teacher candidates shall be nondiscriminatory in their behavior during internships," because foolish administrators might theoretically misinterpret it to justify an ideological litmus test.

I'm squeamish about trying to judge dispositions to begin with, and I'm glad my college shied away from the social-justice language. But no college can argue that NCATE requires the judging of teacher candidates' political inclinations.


Robert KC Johnson - 10/16/2005

On NCATE'S intention with its 2002 changes, I agree that we don't have definitive evidence. I have a more sinister interpretation of NCATE's agenda, both from the fact that the dispositions movement itself is tied up with a much more ideological approach to teacher-training and also from my interpretation of NCATE activities in general, which seem to push very strongly in favor of "diversity" and "multiculturalism" as defined by the leftist fringes of the academy.

I concede, however, that it's possible that either (a) the 2002 guidelines were poorly written, in a kind of bureaucrat-eese run amok; or (b) the NCATE site visitors were asleep at the wheel.

In effect, though, NCATE's intent doesn't matter, because either way, the new guidelines were implemented--and the wording is quite clearcut that social justice Ed programs have to assess each student's commitment to social justice individually. This has now come up in both Brooklyn and WSU, and not only has NCATE not moved away from the requirement, but NCATE Pres. Arthur Wise (in a letter responding to Stanford's Wm. Damon's critique of dispositions) actually defended the 2002 dispositions language. So even if there might have been a more innocent rationale for NCATE's 2002 action, NCATE has made no signs of reversing course.

On the list, I don't claim that the list is definitive--for the purposes of the Inside Higher Ed article I wanted to show that a critical mass of Ed programs existed that defined "social justice" as a goal or defined something close to it. Agree completely that the wording of, say, that Duke Ed statement is close to NCLB. But does anyone really believe that the Duke Ed faculty will interpret a sensitivity to race/class/gender much more closely to how the WSU Ed faculty has worked than how politicians have done so?


Sherman Jay Dorn - 10/16/2005

In looking over your list, I noted that you include several institutions who do not mention "social justice." Georgia Southern seems to have a pedestrian requirement that students acknowledge that there is such a thing as educational politics. I'd hope that a political historian would encourage that! Duke has a mild statement suggesting that students think about ways to address inequalities of race, class, and gender "in relation to schools." That seems consistent with the stated premise of No Child Left Behind. I honestly don't see where they're the same as the inclusion of the term social justice.


Sherman Jay Dorn - 10/16/2005

There are two questions here about the NCATE documents. (I'll reply separately to your list of ed-school statements, to keep the issues distinct.)

The first is whether mentioning social justice in its documents is tantamount to suggesting or providing cover for the term's inclusion in institution's own statements. I'm not convinced of that, since it's likely to be a chicken-and-egg phenomenon, a response to discussions between NCATE staff and institutional representatives. If several institutional representatives were pointing out that their own statements include social justice as a value, then NCATE was likely to mention the term in documents.

The second issue, which you don't mention, is whether visiting teams of NCATE examiners have raised any red flags about institutional statements suggesting an ideological litmus test. Here, the 2002 supplemental documentation is far more suggestive of examiners' being asleep at the wheel when these issues come up. Since the statement does not indicate whether the relevant visits were at state or at private institutions, they might have been private institutions with clear institutional missions. And colleges of education would object to NCATE criticizing their values statements, so NCATE generally shies away from that. But most colleges and schools of education are public, and NCATE should have the authority and willpower to tell an institution that its statement or practice violates academic principles.

Then again, accreditation agencies generally shy away from focusing on academic freedom, in my view, and that may be a different discussion.


Robert KC Johnson - 10/16/2005

In the 2002 accreditation requirement update, NCATE included the following:

"“Unit assessments must also reflect the dispositions identified in its conceptual framework and in professional and state standards. Often team reports do not indicate any connection between dispositions specified in the conceptual framework and dispositions that are assessed. For example, if the unit has described its vision for teacher preparation as ‘Teachers as agents of change’ and has indicated that a commitment to social justice is one disposition it expects of teachers who can become agents of change, then it is expected that unit assessments include some measure of a candidate’s commitment to social justice.”

Virtually every Ed program in the country has "social justice" in some way tied to its mission statement. (I have a partial list here:
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/johnson/dispositions.html)

NCATE's response to this (in a letter to the Sun a few months back) was that the organization only required Ed programs to use the disposition criteria to assess their stated missions.

Absurd, for a few reasons. (1) Of all the possible stated missions NCATE chose in its 2002 guidelines as an example of how the new requirement needed to be applied, NCATE chose social justice; (2) dispositions and social justice are linked in NCATE's own definition of the concept, as you've noted.

I agree completely that the faculty shouldn't be left off the hook here--what the WSU profs did in this case was inexcusable. But the fact is that NCATE's 2002 dispositions changes gives faculty who wish to screen out ideologically unsuitable candidates a tailor-made justification for doing so.

The result is a perfect Catch-22 situation. NCATE can say it doesn't want to screen out centrist or conservative teachers, but it's only requiring Ed programs to implement their "social justice" missions (of which NCATE fully aware when it made its 2002 change). The Ed programs can say they don't want to screen out centrist or conservative teachers, but they're required by NCATE to individually assess each of their student's commitment to social justice.

Both sides are to blame here. But NCATE, as an accrediting agency that's subject to state and federal regulation, has to be held to a higher standard than the faculty, who can, after all, claim that their "academic freedom" allows them to run their programs as they want.


Sherman Jay Dorn - 10/16/2005

That should be "assess dispositions," not "assess of dispositions," and the words "such as" and "might" should have been italicized in the excerpt. (I guess HNN's software doesn't allow HTML formatting codes.)


Sherman Jay Dorn - 10/16/2005

KC, I'm no great fan of dispositions, but it simply isn't true that NCATE standards "mandate that dozens of education programs around the nation needed to measure each student’s disposition to promote 'social justice.'" The only thing that you might find is on p. 53, in the glossary (not the mandated standards):

Dispositions. The values, commitments, and professional ethics that influence behaviors toward students, families, colleagues, and communities and affect student learning, motivation, and development as well as the educator’s own professional growth. Dispositions are guided by beliefs and attitudes related to values such as caring, fairness, honesty, responsibility, and social justice. For example, they might include a belief that all students can learn, a vision of high and challenging standards, or a commitment to a safe and supportive learning environment. [emphasis added]

I'm not alone among education faculty in having deep concern about whether we can assess dispositions as described here, but my understanding from a former staff member at NCATE is that there is considerable leeway for individual institutions, and there is absolutely no penalty for institutions who assess of dispositions behaviorally—in other words, that we judge student dispositions by what they do.

As I've stated elsewhere (including in comments on your Inside Higher Ed column), the blame properly resides with the faculty at individual institutions for the behavior you see there.

If you do have evidence of a clear NCATE mandate, please present it. Thus far, I'm unconvinced.