Does Technology Make Us Dumber or Smarter? Yes.
tags: Internet,technology,progress,sextant,dependence,Zachary Pascal
The Conversation.com (“academic rigor, journalistic flair”) asked me to write the column below. The Guardian.com (forever the Manchester Guardian to those of us above a certain age) reprinted it. To my excitement, most of the comments were thoughtful and free of the flaming and trolling so common today.
After I
wrote this column, I read Zachary Pascal’s column, “Let’s Shape AI Before AI Shapes Us,” in the June 2015 IEEE Spectrum (yes, I am behind on my reading, but that’s another
issue). Pascal, a professor of
practice at Arizona State University in the School for the Future of Innovation
in Society, argued eloquently that the
increasing development and diffusion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) should be
accompanied by public discussion about how we as a society can embrace the precautionary principle,
engineer equity and diversity into AI, and help the inevitable losers. It’s a thoughtful article, one I wish I had
written, and certainly one I wish I had read before writing this column.
Does Technology Make Us Dumber or Smarter? Yes.
The smartphone in your hand enables you to record a video, edit it and send it
around the world. With your phone, you can navigate in cities, buy a car, track
your vital signs and accomplish thousands of other tasks. And so?
Each of those activities used to demand learning specific skills
and acquiring the necessary resources to do them. Making a film? First, get a
movie camera and the supporting technologies (film, lights, editing equipment).
Second, learn how to use them and hire a crew. Third, shoot the movie. Fourth,
develop and edit the film. Fifth, make copies and distribute them.
Now all of those tasks are solved by technology. We need no
longer learn the intricate details when the smartphone programmers have taken
care of so much. But filmmakers are now freer to focus on their craft, and it
is easier than ever to become a filmmaker. Historically, technology has made us
individually dumber and individually smarter – and collectively smarter.
Technology has made us able to do more while understanding less about what we
are doing, and has increased our dependence on others.
These are not recent trends, but part of the history of
technology since the first humans began to farm. In recent decades, three major
changes have accelerated the process, starting with the increasing pace of
humans specializing in particular skills. In addition, we outsource more skills
to technological tools, like a movie-making app on a smartphone, that relieve
us of the challenge of learning large amounts of technical knowledge. And many
more people have access to technology than in the past, allowing them to use
these tools much more readily.
Specialized
knowledge
Specialization enables us to become very good at some
activities, but that investment in learning – for example, how to be an ER
nurse or computer coder – comes at the expense of other skills like how to grow
your own food or build your own shelter.
As Adam Smith noted in his 1776 “Wealth
of Nations,” specialization enables people to become more efficient
and productive at one set of tasks, but with a trade-off of increased
dependence on others for additional needs. In theory, everyone benefits.
Specialization has moral and pragmatic consequences. Skilled
workers are more likely to be employed and earn more than their unskilled
counterparts. One reason the United States won World War II was that draft
boards kept some trained workers, engineers and scientists working on the home front instead of
sending them to fight. A skilled machine tool operator or oil-rig roustabout
contributed more to winning the war by staying at home and sticking to a
specialized role than by heading to the front with a rifle. It also meant other
men (and some women) donned uniforms and had a much greater chance of dying.
Making
machines for the rest of us
Incorporating human skills into a machine – called “blackboxing”
because it makes the operations invisible to the user – allows more people to,
for example, take a blood pressure measurement without investing the time,
resources and effort into learning the skills previously needed to use a blood
pressure cuff. Putting the expertise in the machine lowers the barriers to
entry for doing something because the person does not need to know as much. For
example, contrast learning to drive a car with a manual versus an automatic
transmission.
Mass production of blackboxed technologies enables their
widespread use. Smartphones and automated blood pressure monitors would be far
less effective if only thousands instead of tens of millions of people could
use them. Less happily, producing tens of millions of automatic rifles like
AK-47s means individuals can kill far more people far more easily compared with
more primitive weapons like knives.
More practically, we depend on others to do what we cannot do at
all or as well. City dwellers in particular depend on vast, mostly invisible
structures to provide their power, remove their waste and ensure food and tens of thousands of
other items are available.
Overreliance
on technology is dangerous
A major downside of increased dependence on technologies is the
increased consequences if those technologies break or disappear. Lewis
Dartnell’s “The Knowledge” offers a delightful (and
frightening) exploration of how survivors of a humanity-devastating apocaplyse
could salvage and maintain 21st-century technologies.
Just one example of many is that the U.S. Naval Academy just resumed training officers to navigate by sextants. Historically the only way to determine a ship’s location at sea, this technique is being taught again both as a backup in case cyberattackers interfere with GPS signals and to give navigators a better feel of what their computers are doing.
How do people survive and prosper in this world of increasing
dependence and change? It’s impossible to be truly self-reliant, but it is
possible to learn more about the technologies we use, to learn basic skills of
repairing and fixing them (hint: always check the connections and read the
manual) and to find people who know more about particular topics. In this way
the Internet’s vast wealth of information can not only increase our dependence
but also decrease it (of course, skepticism about online information is
never a bad idea). Thinking about what happens if something goes wrong can be a
useful exercise in planning or a descent into obsessive worrying.
Individually, we depend more on our technologies than ever
before – but we can do more than ever before. Collectively, technology has made
us smarter, more capable and more productive. What technology has not done is
make us wiser.