The Spanish Holocaust and the Cover-Up that Lasted a Generation
Most historians do not know that the Concentration Camp "Mauthausen,"
located in Austria, is to Spanish Republicans as "Auschwitz" is to
Jews. Both names are red-flag words never to be forgotten.
During the Second World War, the Jews of occupied Europe were mostly sent to
the six death camps in Poland, including Auschwitz. The SS sent large numbers
of other political prisoners from some thirty-odd nationalities to Mauthausen
to work and die in the slave labor camp. According to Russian statistics, 122,767
people were imprisoned in Mauthausen. These included Soviets, mostly Russians,
Poles, Hungarians, Yugoslavs, French, 6503 Spaniards, Italians, Czechs, Greeks,
and 1500 Germans who died in numbers proportional to that order. Interestingly,
only 235 imprisoned Austrians died at the camp. Also included in the death lists
were Belgians, Dutch, 34 Americans, Luxembergers and 17 British.
This list was based on Soviet statistics gathered when Mauthausen was located
in their occupation zone of Austria, in 1947. According to Spanish statistics,
the total dead from the Mauthausen operations were closer to 200,000. There
are incomplete SS records from the Mauthausen operations because before 5 May
1945, when the US Army entered the town, the staff successfully burned some
of their archives and torture machines.
By May the death camps in Poland had long been liberated, and the SS on the
Soviet front were fleeing in somewhat of a controlled panic in the winter of
1944-March 1945. But the incomplete Soviet Russian list for Mauthausen gives
us some idea of the proportional varieties of national prisoners caught for
various deeds of anti-Nazi activity.
Paradoxically, the picture of daily SS operations at Mauthausen is now clearer
than for the six Polish death camps. This is because so many Spaniards survived
to liberation day, and they made their own records about what happened inside
the barbed wire compounds. Most of the Jews of Poland, in contrast, did not
live to tell their stories.
Mauthausen's most famous prisoner was Simon Wiesenthal, an Austrian Jew. The
leading Spanish "half-hero" is Juan de Diego, a "Kapo,"
i.e. collaborator who had been made chief record keeper of the main Mauthausen
camp by the SS. Actually Diego was not technically a Kapo but a privileged block
leader (one of the top 10 percent of the Kapos). No Kapo who survived this Austrian
jungle of bestiality can be assumed to have a clean bill of health. During liberation
week, as the camp was being freed by the American Army of General Patton, Juan
de Diego, with the assistance of other block leaders, hid some of the incriminating
evidence, including Nazi photos, from destruction by the SS camp leaders. His
evidence is available to scholars. It helped form the basis of a recent book
about Mauthausen by British author David Wingate Pike, Spaniards in the Holocaust:
Mauthausen, the Horror on the Danube (Routledge, 2000). Thus Pike is able
to tell a more coherent tale of what it was like to be inside the Nazi concentration
work camp.
Pike thoroughly investigates other statistics and memoirs to substantiate the
Spanish claims, although his book mainly focuses on the Spanish Holocaust. In
1940-1941, 90 percent of all the Spanish prisoners were sent to Mauthausen where
the SS rules said in effect, "no escape and no pardon" from this living
hell. Anybody sent to Mauthausen with red triangles sewn on their uniforms,
mostly for political reasons, were condemned to work until death. Depending
on a particular guard's whims, the SS encouraged earlier executions and murders
in the granite quarry and in tunnel trails in the Alps. Until mid-1943, the
Nazis assumed that the supply of slave labor would be inexhaustible.
According to the Spanish survivors, about 23,400 Spaniards were shipped in box
cars to Mauthausen; 16,310 died and 9,200 survived the ordeal of slavery. They
died the same way many Jews died at Auschwitz: the SS worked and starved them
to death. They also had their gold teeth pulled for foreign exchange. More Spaniards
than Jews there died of disease, from spot executions, and from starvation,
while fewer Spaniards were thrown live into the crematoria. The smaller Mauthausen
crematoria were mostly efficient "garbage disposals" for the piles
of the already dead. The first fully functioning gas chambers were introduced
to Mauthausen in May 1942 mostly for Jews and Russians. Probably 449 Spaniards
were gassed. Of the 20,000 Jews (mostly Dutch and French nationality) sent to
Mauthausen, 22 survived the ordeal. One of those still in the camp on 5 May
was Simon Wiesenthal.
The Spaniards, as anti-fascist veterans, mostly young men and well-disciplined
from the Spanish Civil War, survived with better rates than the more demoralized
civilian Jews, Poles and French. Very few, if any, Spaniards committed suicide,
unlike the French. Solidarity was their key to survival. The British, Dutch,
Russians and Spaniards knew why they were fighting in World War II. The French
were unsure of themselves. Few Russians survived the work camp, because like
the Jews, most were executed on the spot before being registered for work. The
French, Italians, Ukrainians, and surprisingly the Poles, were more likely to
collaborate as Kapos with the SS to save their skins and betray their compatriots.
Diego and his friends had "seniority" rights, so to speak, because
of arriving in the camp before Hitler's attack on the USSR in June 1941.
The Czech story was interesting as a statistical check on the SS operation against
Spaniards. Because of the assassination on SS leader Reinhard Heydrich, Himmler's
second in command, in Prague in May 1942, the 3000 Czechs in the camp were reduced
to 300 by 1944. The handful of Dutch, British and Americans executed in Mauthausen
for sabotage and spying were caught in underground quasi combat operations by
the SS.
Pike does not really deal with the complex Jewish problems suffered in the Holocaust,
but several of his footnotes have revealing information about the operation
of the six death camps in Poland. Austrians were not Hitler's victims, because,
for the most part, they enthusiastically became Nazi Party members and supporters
of the Greater Reich from March 1938 to May 1945. Austria's Mauthausen was part
of the same system headed by Heinrich Himmler's and nearly as cruel as the Polish
death coups. There was an equivalent of Dr. Mengele at Mauthausen, but he and
his staff experimented on fewer women and children than Mengele did in Auschwitz.
The Mauthausen medical staff did most of their dirty work by injecting victims
with various poisonous chemicals. The guards were just as sadistic in Mauthausen
as elsewhere for their own perverted sense of enjoyment.
In the beginning, the slave laborers had to carry 20 kilograms of granite up
186 steps on a starvation diet. They toiled in the quarries till they died.
Later in the war, they dug tunnels for an underground Messerschmidt plant to
survive the American bombers. By 1943, 35 percent of the famous Messerschmidt
fighters were being produced at Mauthausen. The first jet fighter in combat
in the world, the Me 262, was designed and mostly built in the Alpine tunnels
of Mauthausen.
Right after the surrender of the Third Republic in France in June 1940, 4,000
Spaniards were sent to the Channel Islands to build fortifications. Only 59
survived that task.
Mauthausen, constructed in July 1938, was the first camp to receive foreigners.
In early 1941, before the Soviet Union was invaded by Hitler, 60 percent of
the prisoners were Spaniards. They mostly wore the red triangles symbolizing
political prisoner, or blue for the stateless. Himmler himself in 1941 visited
the camp twice. The SS Fuhrer in April 1941 told the commandant to kill more
inmates per day than he was already doing. His second in command Ernst Kaltenbrunner
who replaced Heydrich, and Albert Speer head of the German war economy, also
visited the slave labor camp several times.
During the civil war General Francisco Franco invited the Berlin Police Chief,
Count Wolf von Helldorf, to help his new totalitarian government organize the
Falangist police. SS Fuhrer Heinrich Himmler was given a medal by the victorious
Franco in 1939 when the civil war was over. After the fall of France in 1940,
the unforgiving Franco was perfectly willing to get rid of the 150,000 "red"
Spanish refugees still in southern France. The alternative punishment for the
Spanish exiles, now stateless in Madrid's eyes, was death immediately upon return
home to face Spanish Army execution or slave work. Prisoners would build the
Valle de los Caidos, "The valley of the fallen," which would become
Franco's own Egyptian style tomb. If the Spanish leftists remained in France,
the preferred option, up to July 1940, they faced a slow death at some unknown
date at the hands of the SS in Austria. Like the Jews of Poland, the Spaniards
did not know what faced them in Mauthausen until after they got inside the gate.
The Kapos in Mauthausen -- mostly Germans, Poles and Ukrainians -- wore green
triangles, symbolizing common criminals or black for sexual sadists, dope addicts
or alcoholics. From June 1941 to the end of 1945, the Mauthausen complex grew
in size. By March 1945, 83,249 inmates were locked in this camp of horror. The
camp commandant controlled sixty holding centers throughout all Austria. In
1940 the victims of war were guarded by 1,250 SS men, in a 1 to 10 ratio. By
1944 the ratio of SS to prisoners was reduced to 1-15. The SS had the assistance
of 7,200 to 10,000 Kapos to operate the machine of torture and death.
The commandant of the camp was a young man Franz Ziereis, born in Munich in
1903. Despite his lack of formal education, (he was a carpenter by profession),
he rose to the SS rank equivalent to colonel in 1944. He joined the SS as a
private and trained in Buchenwald in the early 1930s. Ziereis was a sadist who
enjoyed using human beings for target practice and was mostly drunk throughout
his police tour. He collected human skulls and human tattoos to decorate his
office. His second in command was a cobbler promoted to the SS equivalent of
captain, Georg Bachmayer. During the first week of May 1945, Bachmayer, like
Joseph Goebbels, shot his two young daughters and wife and then committed suicide.
Pike records perhaps three human interest stories that are the stuff for a movie.
The screams of the victims of SS torturers were so loud that in the spring of
1943 the migrating birds did not come back to Mauthausen. Second, a persistent
relative in Spain, through the Spanish Consulate in Vienna, actually got Juan
Bautista Nos Fibla released from the camp on 22 August 1941. This was only successful
case on record. Most of the other Spanish appellants were put off with false
death certificates declaring "death by heart attack" by the SS. The
third story of note: Margarita Ferrer of Madrid became the lover of an Austrian
International Brigadier, Rudolf Freimel, during the civil war. They fled to
France in February 1939 as the Republic collapsed. Freimel was consequently
sent by the Gestapo to Auschwitz I. Then the SS, in a bizarre gesture, allowed
Margarita to visit Auschwitz on 18 March 1944, to get married in the camp. She
returned to France, but on 30 December 1944, Rudolf Freimel and four others
were hung in Auschwitz, the last public execution to take place in the death
camp, since the Soviet armies were at the gates. On 18 January 1945 Auschwitz
was liberated by the Red Army.
There were three attempts at mass escape from SS camps in Himmler's system.
One was in Sobibor on 14 October 1943 and two at Mauthausen. The Soviet prisoners
of war in February 1945 when victory was in sight decided that their entire
bloc of 4,300 men would rise up, choke the guards, and make a mass run for the
fences on the theory that a small percent would make it. About 400 got out of
the camp, but only 17-19 of them escaped the mass Austrian civilian and the
SS round up that followed. In the second Mauthausen escape, about 150 got through
the Austrian-Yugoslavian tunnel.
In February 1945 Himmler ordered commandant Ziereis and the other SS camp commanders
to execute all remaining inmates and blow up the prisons. That was a hard operation
to carry out in a day, a week or a month. How do the "Greens" and
"Blacks" shoot the "Reds," " Blues," and "Yellow
Stars" amid the hunger and disease? If the hierarchy of prisoners, which
also included "Browns Stars" (Gypsies), "Purples" (conscientious
objectors), and "Pinks" (homosexuals) suspect that the SS guards and
their Kapos are determined to kill them, then the half beasts of men, in the
confused chain of command, would begin to imagine that they would be the next
to die. At what point does an individual decide to defect from the Nazi system?
Actually Himmler's general order, issued from Berlin headquarters, was given
varying interpretations all along the line. SS units in Buchenwald and elsewhere
began marching their inmates to Mauthausen which had been the Reich's last Alpine
redoubt. Himmler himself changed his general order on 12 March to keep the camps
intact.
On 30 April, the day Hitler committed suicide, "colonel," i.e. Stardartenfurher
Zeireis, had a sort of mental break down. His successor dismissed the remaining
Spaniards and twenty to thirty other national groups of inmates on 2 May. Ziereis
fled for his life.
Meanwhile, the American, Soviet, British and Yugoslavian armies were closing
in on Mauthausen amid the chaos existing inside the camp in the first week of
May. The confusion of this last week has led to a number of claimants to the
title of "liberator" of the camp in the last thirty years. Acts of
revenge and lynch justice by some former inmates and some American troops at
the squad level led to a collection of messy memoirs. During that week, some
of the prisoners ate themselves to death on rich food, dying after 5 May. The
American 11th Division did not know what to do with the survivors, and by feeding
them, killed them. Some Russians and Poles began to kill each other in a post-liberation
massacre. In reality, the military-industrial complex known as Mauthausen was
liberated in five phases, with the Spaniards and the Americans in dispute with
each other as to who did what first.
The last days of SS Colonel Ziereis may be typical. On the evening of 23 May
in the village of Spital, Chief Warrant Officer Walter S. Kobus (US Army) with
three G.I.s and two ex-prisoners, a Spaniard and a Czech, captured Ziereis as
he was preparing for suicide with a pistol. He bungled the attempt. Taken back
to KL (Konzentrations Lager) Mauthausen, he was interrogated by three other
ex-prisoners. Ziereis blamed his actions on his superiors: Obergruppenfuhrer
(Four Star General) Oswald Pohl, Himmler and Hitler. The Czechs and Spaniards
thought the US 11th Armored Division, then in charge of the stinking camp, would
somehow allow Ziereis to go free, so they shot him in a trap which would allow
him to believe that he could escape. The wounded Ziereis was taken by the U.S.
Lt. Colonel in charge to a US field hospital where he died the next day. Ziereis's
son witnessed the final hours and spat on his dying father.
The Mauthausen story was a long time coming out, first because the camp was
in the Soviet Zone. Second by liberal standards, the West Germans were slow
to become anti-Nazi. Of the 15,000 members of the SS who served in Mauthausen
only 200 were executed. It was only after 1945 that the Catholic Church became
dogmatically against the death penalty. The American Zone in West Germany stupidly
or because of a pro-Catholic policy did not allow any Spaniard to visit the
zone to testify against the Nazis. Even the German responsible for shooting
34 Americans in Mauthausen was acquitted in 1971.
Yet the West German courts and school system were more vigorous in rooting out
the Nazi ideology than were the Austrian. From 1945 to 1991, when the Soviet
Union collapsed, the Austrians were in a state of self denial and protected
themselves hiding under the cloak of anti-communism. The State Department, because
of its anti-Soviet policy, facilitated the cover-up of the sins by Nationalist
Spain, the Vatican, post-occupation Austria and many in the governing CDU Party.
No Spaniard was able to publish his story until 1969. In the 1990s, the head
of the Mauthausen Museum was a native Spaniard who stayed behind in 1945. It
seems that the museum now at Mauthausen needs to study Pike's book and revise
some the underestimated statistics of the atrocities carried out during the
Nazi era.